The eNotes Blog Reading Comprehension as anAsset

Reading Comprehension as anAsset A couple years ago, The New York Times published a piece titled How to Get Your Mind to Read. Since we’re all about reading here at , we eagerly devoured the post and have revisited it many times. Since improving reading comprehension is an active part of our work, I’ve shared several of the key points in the article below. Let us know if you have any other recommendations! 1. Comprehension Requires Broad Vocabulary and Factual Knowledge This first point is straightforward. Of course we need vocabulary and factual knowledge to comprehend what we read. However, the article points out that classrooms that focus almost exclusively on literacy skills- to the detriment of other subject areas- are not benefiting students; they’re hindering students’ opportunities to succeed. The article suggests that spending more time on other subject areas- such as current events, history, science, music, etc.- will aid reading comprehension because students will not only expand their vocabulary, but also they’ll gain a broader field of factual knowledge. This is one of the reasons why we focus so much on developing quality analysis and historical context sections within our study guides and on our annotations. Much of the historical context in Jane Eyre or the philosophy of Crime and Punishment are difficult to understand without having the vocabulary or factual knowledge to follow Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s and Dostoevsky’s ideas. 2. All Texts Have Information Gaps Readers Must Fill Less experienced readers often expect the writer to provide them with all the knowledge they need in a given passage. This expectation isn’t necessarily wrong: many tests expect students to answer questions from a text without considering the knowledge gap between writer and reader. However, the writer can’t include everything for us, and so when she writes for her audience, she is counting on readers to meet her halfway by decoding meaning. This shows up in allusions and references, which rely on a common, shared knowledge. At , we strive to help readers gain access to these information gaps to bolster their understanding of allusions and references. As enjoyable as â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† is, without an understanding of Eliot’s allusions, students will find themselves reading the poem but failing to fully comprehend it. 3. Reading Comprehension Is More Than Just a General Skill This final point really got me thinking about our teaching approaches. The article relates a misunderstanding with current education practices, which claim that reading comprehension should be treated â€Å"like a general skill that can be applied with equal success to all texts.† The article illustrates the impact of this misunderstanding, sharing evidence that test scores haven’t improved in 30 years. However, as discussed above, with the information gaps and broad knowledge required, reading comprehension is much more than just a simple one-size-fits-all skill. We need to shift our attitudes from reading as a skill to reading as an asset, particularly as more companies, even those in tech industries, are hiring strong readers and writers. When we can fully accept the complexity of developing reading comprehension, our goals forward for curriculum development and lesson planning are to focus on the relationships among texts. Reading is a skill that is in constant development, with no ceiling. We as educators need to look to present reading comprehension to students as an asset that will grow over time with thoughtful practice. Proposed Changes in Teaching Reading Comprehension The article concludes by proposing three significant changes in our school systems: â€Å"First, [significant changes point] to decreasing the time spent on literacy instruction in early grades.† â€Å"Second, understanding the importance of knowledge to reading ought to make us think differently about year-end standardized tests.† â€Å"Third, the systematic building of knowledge must be a priority in curriculum design. The Common Core Standards for reading specify nearly nothing by way of content that children are supposed to know- the document valorizes reading skills.† supports these proposed changes. We hope that our annotations and analysis help students expand their vocabularies, build their knowledge bases, and draw connections among texts- all practices integral to becoming better, more conscientious readers. So while we could cast blame on the influences of social media and technology, this simply ignores the main issue. The NYT article says that we should blame ignorance in failing to appropriately teach reading comprehension. I’d like to go a step further and offer that we should make changes by re-evaluating how we approach the teaching of reading comprehension. Let’s not only focus on institutional changes in curriculum but also model this behavior ourselves. Doing so will help us all better understand how our minds comprehend what we read, and this knowledge will allow us to develop more appropriate approaches, methods, and tests for our students. Only this will help give our students the necessary tools to change their reading for the better.

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

Human Resource Management - Essay Example First of all, an international human resource management system ensures that positions are filled by appropriately qualified persons if there are no local nationals available. Secondly, it enables management development across borders. Thirdly, human resource management in multinational companies allow the building of linkages between the parent company and the international subsidiaries. This paper examines the critical factors that shape managers' choice in transferring the parent company's human rights management (HRM) to overseas subsidiaries. It identifies the influential forces that shape such choices and illustrates them with practical examples. To this end, the paper tries to fulfil the following objectives: 1. Identification of business strategy and structure that affects the choice of HRM systems for foreign branches of a business. 2. Analysis of external factors that affect a business' choice of human resource management transfer systems for an international business in it s overseas operations 3. Examination of implementation issues that affect the type of choices that HR managers of parent companies can make about the transfer of human resource management systems to overseas branches. Business Strategy & Structure & International Human Resource Management Choices Every MNC has to draw a balance between globalisation and localisation. Meier (2009) calls it a balance between standardisation and customisation. In other words, a business will have to either prescribe a set of uniform standards for all the international branches or allow international branches to develop their own local standards. In real life, a UK business that has international subsidiaries will have to decide whether the subsidiaries around the world will operate according to standards in the UK or create their own systems and methods. In the case of PriceWaterHouse Coopers, there is an international application of standards that exist in the UK head office. This is a globalised enti ty. On the other hand, KPMG exists as a group of independent accounting firm. Each national branch operates independent of the Swiss headquarters. According to Meier, the way this discourse exists in relation to human resource management transfer can best be examined on three fundamental levels. The strategy of a business in relation to whether it wants to go according to globalisation or localisation determines the policies of the business (Tempel, 2001 p115). In other words, the strategy determined by the top-level management set the tone for functional managers of strategic business units to come up with a policy. The policies determine the practice in the department. Thus, for the Human Resource department, the main determinant of the transfer of practices is the overall strategy of the business. The strategy determines the HRM activities of the business. This goes a long way to influence the transfer and other practices related to the overall tone of human resource management a nd its transfer. Strategy refers to the overall plans for a business determined by top level management with a view of guiding a company between the medium and long term (Cook, 2008 p76). Strategy is a critical element that affects the Human Resource Manager's choice of transferring company Human Resource Management to overseas management because it sets the framework between which the HR Manager operates. As such, the manager needs to remain within the scope of the

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

Globalization - Essay Example We are exposed to technology now a day. For every work we have to use technology of certain kind. Technology is everywhere we see; from television to nuclear weapons we see the use of technology. Technology has made this easier for everyone to communicate with each other from different countries. People can see each other, talk to each other, even they live far away from each other. This has only become possible because of electronics. We have to use technology in every walk of life because we are totally dependent on technology as this present era is said to be an age of technology. No work can be done without technology now. We use pen for writing our stuff and now we use laptops for this purpose. Use of technology is the same for both but because of advancement in technology, means of using them differs. But technology remains there every time to facilitate us. We cannot survive without technology in this modern world. If we face any health issues we have hospitals and surgical in struments are there to tackle with operations and surgery work. If we feel unsafe we use weapons and safety instruments for our safety. Globalization brings different nations of the world closer and help them to join hands in terms of economy , society , education and politics. Globalization minimizes the distances among nations and increases their communication level. Globalization and use of technology enables people to communicate with one another for the sake for nation development and this is the biggest achievement by the use of technology that all nations are together and in touch with each other. Having different culture different language doesn’t matter now. Technology has removed all those differences. One culture of a country can be easily mixed up with another country. Globalization amalgamates integration as well as interaction. Globalization is now linked with technologies in every aspect of human civilization through making countries build new policies that wou ld help them to open economies internationally as well as domestically. Free market economies systems is developed and that provides the path for mounting potential for industries and economies and provides the platform for investments and international trade. In this way, technology has played an important role to serve as an opportunity for marketing, production, foreign markets and trades. Technology has an important role in business marketing. E.g. Advertising is basically is the way of communication and negotiating with people whom you think as your potential consumers for the company.. And this has all become possible because of digital-advertising. That’s technology itself. Advertisements and digital promotions contribute a lot to sales volume of the company and as this world is exposed to technology so this is the need of hour to adopt digital ways for promotions to have boom in their sales. So technology plays an essential role in business sector to flourish and grow . As this world is turning into electronic-world and use of internet and its awareness is increasing day-by-day so organizations should go with the flow. Organizations advertise electronically, non-electronically, and promote their products through internet because technology is the major key to increase sales and target the selected market for generating revenue. Firms and individuals have already realized the importance of electronic gadgets and advancement in technology. Globalization is affecting this world in

Nursing Interventions for Schizophrenia

Nursing Interventions for Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness in which individuals loose the ability to discriminate between reality and imagination, characterized by disturbances to their thoughts, behavior and feelings. About 1% of the population is predicted to suffer from schizophrenia at some point in their life (www.rethink.org), with experience of psychotic episodes such as those of schizophrenia ranging in their duration of a single crisis, to the chronic experience of schizophrenia over a life time. During episodes of schizophrenia, patients will experience a range of what is know as positive and negative symptoms associated with the condition. Positive symptoms include delusions and hallucinations and unusual or irrational behavior (often as a result of the hallucinations and delusions). Delusions can be defined as strange thoughts or beliefs which are not founded in reality, some examples include delusions of grandeur (such as believing oneself to be the next messiah) and delusions of persecution (as in being secretly watched / followed by the police or secret service). Hallucinations are when you see (visual) hear (auditory) or smell (olfactory) things that others cannot. One of the most well known symptoms of schizophrenia is that of hearing voices. People may also experience thought disturbances such as thought jumping (going from one line of thought to another in rapid succession) poor concentration and attention abilities (www.mind.org.uk). Negative symptoms are those which in some way take away from the individual such as anhedonia (not getting pleasure out of activities which were previously pleasurable) and social withdrawal from social situations and a lack of interest in personal hygiene (such as not washing or changing clothes). Treatment of individuals with schizophrenia can be in hospital (forced through section or voluntarily in some cases) and in community settings, and should involve a mixture of pharmacological treatment (typical and atypical antipsychotic medications) and psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in order to manage current symptoms, and in preventing and minimizing future relapse and crises. Nursing of individuals with a severe mental illness such as schizophrenia within a community setting (e.g. after discharge from hospital or when patients not under section and do not want to go to hospital) will be conducted by a community psychiatric nurse (CPN) who will often be working within a community mental health team (CMHT) from a care programme approach. The role of the CPN has diversified over recent years, and is now often nominated within the CMHT to act as the individuals key worker (i.e. who the patient will have most contact with in the CMHT). CPNs can be seen to be involved in patient care interventions in a number of capacities. The most predominant (and traditional) intervention role of the CPN may be seen in the medication management of people with schizophrenia. Typical (haloperidol) and atypical (aripiprazole, olanzapine etc) antipsychotic medication use now mean that around 70% of patients will experience some degree of relief to their psychotic symptoms (McCann, 2001). However relief is most often not absolute and the majority of patients will experience some form of side effects. In typical (older generation drugs) this is often in terms of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) such as movement disorders like Tardive Dyskinsia, and although newer atypical drugs are renowned for less EPS, side effects can include weight gain, sexual dysfunction and sedation. CPNs are therefore an important contact with the patient in ensuring that they are taking their medication correctly, and in identifying patients who may be experiencing high levels of side effects who as a result are at a high risk of discontinuing their medications. By identifying such individuals, relapse can be minimized by helping the patient to engage with clinical services to investigate other medication options of which there are a good number. Switching is a term used by professionals to define this process and it is not unusual for patients to have to switch between medications a number of times, before finding the most appropriate drug / combination. Dosage required is also a very individual factor, and therefore an important aspect of medication management is to check to signs that dosage is high enough to enable clinical relief, but also low enough to minimize side effects. CPNs are thus often in a position to recognize if their patients are not on high enough dosages. The way in which medication is administered will also differ between patients some may be able to take their drugs orally, but a number of patients with schizophrenia are on a form of drug administration called depots. These are long-lasting injections of the antipsychotic, and are often used for patients who suffer severe episodes and those who have a history of non-compliance in taking their medication (Jackson-Koku, 2001). CPNs may also act in helping people come to terms with the fact that they are suffering from an illness, as denial is common in those mental illnesses such as schizophrenia (Fung Fry, 1999), often referred to as lacking insight into illness, and so discuss the need for taking their medications. Providing medication related information is therefore an important part of the medication interventions that nurses are involved with, and will often include discussions about side effects, recognizing early signs of illness and other concerns the person may have. Nurses are however becoming increasingly involved in psycho-educational (Fung Fry, 1999) and psychological therapy (McCann, 2001) based interventions in their patient care within community settings for sufferers and their families. Such approaches have in the literature, been described as aiming at increasing social functioning, decreasing distress, and reducing hospital admission rates (Tarrier Birchwood, 1995) These educational interventions are so targeted on helping to reduce distress in more drug-resistant cases, to help both sufferers and their family (Leff et al, 2001) deal with the illness and learn the signs of relapse and symptom return, and as mentioned above, in increasing medication compliance through better understanding and information. (McCann, 2001) Psychological therapies such as CBT and cognitive therapy (CT) have found recognized success in treating many mental illnesses including schizophrenia including when used within community settings (Morrison et al, 2004), as are aimed at helping people deal emotionally with their illness and its associated distress, but also to help on a practical level through promoting relapse prevention strategies and reducing social disability (Fowler, Garety Kuipers, 1995) Coping techniques and strategies can also be discussed when CPNs become aware and gain knowledge into what particular symptoms are causing people most distress. One example of this could be distraction techniques discussed with those who are having problems with auditory hallucinations; one method that is known for helping many people with this is to listen to music. CPNs often also play an important counseling role to those they support (royal college of psychiatrists,1997). Acting as key workers for people with schizophrenia gives many CPNs the opportunity to get to know the person, and so are in a position to use the discussions they have with their patients in an intervention capacity. Counseling may help in anxiety and distress reduction, but also will provide invaluable insight for the CPN into what the person is going through, how much they understand and whether they are doing well or becoming ill. All this information will play a crucial role in the assessment capacity that the CPN also performs within the care programme. CPNs are thus seen to be involved in many aspects of peoples outpatient care in community settings. Especially involved in medication, information and more recently psychosocial and psychological interventions, nurses looking after people with schizophrenia within the community are central to the patients care programme, and act as an invaluable access into mental health services (McCann Clark, 2003) for community patients.

The Lamb and The Tiger by William Blake Essay -- Poet Poems William Bl

'The Lamb' and 'The Tiger' by William Blake Write about The Lamb and The Tiger by William Blake. Explain how the poet portrays these creatures and comment on what you consider to be the main ideas and attitudes of the poet. 'All things bright and beautiful, All creatures great and small, All things wise and wonderful, The Lord God made them all.' Cecil Frances Alexander Indeed, God created all creatures great and small, and he could not have created two creatures more different from each other than the lamb and the tiger. The question arises in one's mind therefore: - 'Could one creator design and give life to two exhibits of such a vast contrast?' ====================================================================== William Blake certainly poses this question in a somewhat clever manner in the two examples of his work that I've analysed and compared, namely 'The Lamb' and 'The Tiger'. In the two collections of his work, namely Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, he has several contrasting poems that bring the two states of being described by both collections under the microscope. As one of the early Romance poets, Blake was writing in opposition to the rapidly changing, revolutionary eighteenth-century. Essentially, that opposition developed into an appreciation of the emotions, as opposed to reason ant intellect, and a recognition of the purity and innocence which childhood represents in contrast with the corruptions and in-authenticity of adulthood, with its learning and experience of life. The English Industrial Revolution played a very influential role in William Blake's work. Songs of Innocence includes a reversal of the expected 'hierarchies'. The poems reject t... ...ecessary self-knowledge. The Lamb develops into the Tiger - innocence is the price that must me paid to attain an identity in 'grown-up land'. It has to sacrifice its meek, mild, gentile innocence to become the Tiger of Experience prowling the 'dark forests' of life. In conclusion, I feel William Blake is attempting to transmit an important message: never mind how innocent we are during our naÃÆ'Â ¯ve, happy playground days, the big bad world is awaiting us all, and we have to stop resisting and accept that we're all going to develop into Tigers at some point - gaining our own unique symmetry in place of our soft, delightful, tender selves. Life past, present and future poses many questions - it's up to us to answer them, to discover our true identities, and to decide where exactly our faith lies. Innocence is the foundation upon which experience is built.

Marriage and How It Has Changed Essay

Marriage has gone through profound changes over the last five decades, but we continue to speak about it as though it’s the same old familiar pattern. To see how much has changed; I am going to look at the shift from the forties, to the sixties, to today. In 1968, less than a year after the famous Summer of Love, as they used to say out in the country, â€Å"The times they were a-changing.† The sexual revolution, Viet Nam, drugs–the youth of the day were convinced the world would never be the same again. Yet they didn’t think about how such changes would affect marriage. It seemed as if they thought it would be about the same as it had been for their parents, except better because they (like most youth of most times) thought they were better than their gray and jaded parents that represented the â€Å"American Gothic† portrayed that day. No matter how you describe it, it was a powerfully attractive vision. The average age at which Americans got married dropped drastically, to just 19 for women. The number of children soared higher than it had for decades, to a peak of 3.7 children per woman in 1957. The goal back then was domesticity, and both partners worked for it–one to earn the pay, the other to make the home. If a man was a good provider, if he didn’t drink or beat his wife, if he was a â€Å"good father† to his children, he was a good husband. A good wife had to be a decent cook and housekeeper, take care of the children and provide emotional support to her husband. Polls taken during that time show that more than 90 percent of people could not imagine an unmarried person being happy. When asked what they thought they had given up for marriage and family, most women said, â€Å"Nothing.† Since the fifties, we’ve chased personal happiness, career and self-fulfillment and assumed that marriage and family would somehow fit in. One sign of this shift is the percentage of couples who say they would stay together â€Å"for the sake of the children,† which sank from about 50 to 20 between 1962 and 1977. We’ve lost something else, something far more surprising: the pure sexual drama of marriage. In Goin’ to the Chapel: Dreams of Love, Realities of Marriage, Charlotte Mayerson describes some startling discoveries about the Ozzie and Harriet generation. While talking in-depth to 100 middle-class women of all ages about their marriages, she  found that those who enjoyed a passionate sexual relationship with their husbands were almost certain to have come of age in the fifties. In contrast, sex just wasn’t that important for younger women. â€Å"Time and time again, the younger women say, ‘On a scale of one to ten, sex, I would say, gets a three,'† Mayerson writes. â€Å"These younger women had plenty of sexual relationships before they married, and the thrill was gone before the wedding day. For many older women, however, the excitement of sex had been a reason to marry, and the passion remained.† Those â€Å"Ozzie and Harriet† marriages, Mayerson suggests, could be considerably more passionate than those that have come since the Sexual Revolution. Baby boomers didn’t rebel against domesticity, they just took it for granted. Marriage wasn’t a treasure for which they worked and sacrificed, they thought of it as an adventure that happened because you fell in love; and it competed with other adventures–sex, travel, success, saving the planet. Today, the fifties serve as an ideological battleground. For conservatives who regret the changes that have come, those years are a reminder of the good old days. For liberals who push society to escape oppressive patriarchal arrangements, they are a dreaded Dark Ages. Their constant cry is, â€Å"We can’t go back to the fifties!† Indeed, we can’t. But we would do well to recognize what we’ve lost and might regain. We’ve lost the emphasis on marriage and children that provided so much stability. Back then, a man’s career was to provide for the family, not his ego; a woman’s ambitions were put on the shelf if they conflicted with the children’s needs. That was certainly restrictive to some, but it created a strong social fabric. Since the fifties, we’ve chased personal happiness, career and self-fulfillment and assumed that marriage and family would somehow fit in. The situation is hardly hopeless. After all, if something like half of all marriages ends in divorce, that means the other half don’t. We can’t guarantee that our children will succeed, but we can certainly prepare them and support them to be numbered among the successful. For previous generations, marriage was an inevitable destination. It didn’t take any special intention; it was a stage in life. For the ’00 generation, marriage  will have to be a much more intentional act. They need encouragement, they need mentors, and most of all they need straight talk. We must ask them: â€Å"Do you know what you’re doing? Are you prepared to make this a success?† We often hear that if we do not learn from the past, we are bound to relive it. In my opinion, it is certainly something that wouldn’t hurt us a single bit in this particular situation. Works Cited Mayerson, Charlotte. Goin’ To the Chapel; Dreams of Love, Realities of Marriage. 1996. Basic Press

Evaluating The Theories Of Learning Essay - 1704 Words

This paper was chosen because it is significant to evaluate the theories of learning taught by very important psychologist, and the different ways they can be applied to life. It is also noteworthy to state that the techniques of these theories differ from one psychologist to another. Correspondingly, this author believes there are several ways that people can be reinforced in the process of learning. This lesson covers the definition of learning, different types of learning, and, also, discusses learning styles. Furthermore, the author will similarly focus on illustrating and describing how individuals can apply the latter in a biblical aspect. Ultimately, after reading this paper, the reader should have a better insight into the process of learning in which an individual experiences permanent, lasting changes in knowledge, behaviors, and ways of processing the world. Significant Theories of Learning Fact: Jessica was the receptionist at Unity Nursing Home. She is a very joyful and friendly person and an immense asset to the facility. Recently, she was promoted to the Admission Assistant position. She felt very excited and eager, but at the same time, she was apprehensive. Despite her worries, Jessica decided to embrace the opportunity given to her and transitioned into her new role. After just two months in her new position, her supervisor unexpectedly resigned, leaving Jessica with an incomplete training and a lot more responsibility that she bargained for. AlthoughShow MoreRelatedOnline Learning : Online Learners And Evaluating Their Learning Characteristics From The Perspective Of The Adult Learning Theory Essay1384 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Online learning, as a newly emerged platform to access to higher education, has become prevalent in China in the past years. Some scholars think highly of this form of education and believe that it will finally lead to a revolution of education. 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